Melatonin as a hormone of the pineal:

Melatonin is a hormone that is the Pinealozyten in the pineal gland (epiphysis) - part of the midbrain - produced from serotonin, and controls the day-night rhythm of the human body. Chemically, it is an alkaloid tryptamine structure.

Melatonin Metabolism:

With inspiration from natural light into the eye of the synthesis of melatonin is inhibited) in the night (melatonin at night becomes increasingly released into the blood and affects sleep. 90% of melatonin, after passage through the liver biotransformation by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases to 6-OH-melatonin metabolized and excreted as sulfated (60-70%) or glucuronide (20-30%) derivatives in the urine.

Melatonin Physiological correlations:

Melatonin and seasonal affective disorder in the winter when daylight holds up just a few hours, is the mirror during the day increases melatonin. As a result, you may experience fatigue, sleep disorders and seasonal affective disorder. As a countermeasure, it is recommended to use the short period of daylight for walking. Alternatively, a light therapy may be considered.

Melatonin is a metabolite of tryptophan metabolism. It is produced in the pineal gland in the gut and in the retina of the eye and central pulsatile release under the influence of darkness. Melatonin concentrations are rising in the night by a factor of ten, the maximum is reached about three clock in the morning - with a seasonally changing rhythms. The secretion is held back by daylight. The importance of melatonin for jet lag and shift work is well recognized, an application of melatonin is controversial in this context. Coordination of circadian rhythmic processes in the body, it exerts its effect as a timer. The melatonin-induced deep sleep is a stimulant for the secretion of growth hormone somatotropin. Such chronic disorders cause premature Somatopause. Melatonin effects are more important in its effect as an antioxidant, which can not be used therapeutically. Also important is the antigonadotrope effect (reduction of the sex glands), and the turn down of many biological and oxidative processes, it is especially when taking eight of melatonin. Especially a reduction (as well as an increase) of melatonin levels in the blood causes sleep disorders or disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle.

A melatonin substitution should occur only after a clear indication.

A too low melatonin levels may be associated with sleep disorders. With increasing age the body produces less melatonin, the average sleep duration and sleep problems produced decreases occur more frequently. ) Even when shift work and long-distance travel (jet lag melatonin may be disturbed by the change in time budget.

Control of melatonin synthesis in the brain:

Restful sleep is important for working memory. One reason could be the influence of melatonin on the hippocampus. This region of the brain is important for learning and memory. Due to the effect of melatonin, the neurophysiological basis of learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, a significant day-night rhythm is subjected.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is a hormone that is mainly at night by the pineal (= pineal gland, brain), but also in the retina (retina), the platelets and is produced in the digestive tract. Many organs have receptors for melatonin. Its formation is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light, it is formed from the amino acid tryptophan via serotonin.

Melatonin is found not only in the Human. but also in almost all animals and many plants.

Effect of melatonin:

Melatonin may help normalize cholesterol levels and maintain our strong heart.

Melatonin may play an interesting application in the treatment of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's.

Melatonin is also often used in rheumatic disease, because it normalizes the immune status.

Melatonin increases the weight of the thymus gland.

Melatonin increases the activity of Thymusdrüsenzellen, there are more T-cell lymphocytes produced for the defense.

Melatonin helps to combat viruses:

The damage to corticosteroids (chronic stress) can cause, can be compensated by the administration of melatonin. An overproduction of corticosteroids can shrink the thymus gland.

The intake of zinc can also have positive effects on the immune system and provide an improvement in the immune response.

Melatonin enhances the body's ability to detect cancer cells and destroy them.

Melatonin helps the body defend against cancer-promoting substances.

Melatonin prevents cell damage by free radicals.

Psychiatric patients receiving the sedative Chlorpromacin have much less breast cancer than the general population - perhaps it is because the Chlorpromacin the melatonin begins.
Blind women, typically higher melatonin levels, much less suffer from breast cancer.
Melatonin can reduce the rate of growth of rat prostate tumors by 50%.

Melatonin can penetrate to the nucleus (DNA), some researchers believe that melatonin because the DNA can be protected against damage by free radicals.

Melatonin in combination with chemotherapy can significantly reduce the side effects.

Melatonin can pour in combination with natural opiates, endorphins, and even with pain killers and sedatives are used synergistically.

Chemotherapeutic agents attack the bone marrow in much less when melatonin is added to the mixture - if the chemotherapy is carried out in the evening, she is statistically more effective and less poisonous, which might be due to the natural melatonin levels are at a record high.

Melatonin normalizes blood cholesterol levels.

Melatonin lowers high blood pressure.

Melatonin protects the body against stress-related illnesses.

Melatonin helps to prevent heart attack and stroke.

There is evidence that melatonin not only normalize blood lipids, but also the sugar levels.

Melatonin for sleep:

Melatonin is an excellent natural sleep aid. Since it re-sets your body clock, it treats the causes of the problem, the disturbance of the natural sleep-wake cycle. Consequently, melatonin should correct all types of sleep disorders, especially insomnia, and frequent and early awakening.
In all sleep disorders, we recommend that you take between 1 to 5 mg of melatonin at bedtime to stabilize the normal sleep pattern again. Some people will find that a small dose of them enough to be able to sleep well. Others will need a higher dose. To find out what dose is right for you, we recommend that they start with 3 mg only sleeping
Jet lag and sleep disorders

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus (diencephalon = = Control of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system) have melatonin receptors, which is controlled by the day-night rhythm. (Weaver et al., 1993). Melatonin is metabolised in the liver and a 6-Sulphatoxy-melatonin in the urine. In many animals, it controls the variations in reproductive and nonreproductiven seasonale metabolism.

Melatonin and other hormones:

Melatonin is involved in the regulation of many other hormones., Serotonin, testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, etc. melatonin receptors are found in many cells and how different brain areas such as the SCN, pars tuberalis, hypothalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex in mammals (Mazzucchelli et al. 1996;

The research team Pierpaoli and Regelson have been shown in numerous animal studies that the decline of the pineal gland and is present all the resulting consequences for the organism, not an "inevitable", but on the contrary, not only stopped, but can even be reversed. If we push the "old" mice, in which the decline of the pineal gland was a fairly advanced stage, to the outside melatonin, could be seen after a few months, significant changes:

The Zirbeldrüsenfunktion was restored and the body's melatonin production rose again, was the "Altersfell" again glossy and dense, and the sexual function turned on again, the immune system to normal rapidly and incipient cancer cells were successfully destroyed, and normal food intake and digestion were re - .

Melatonin plays a key role in controlling circadian rhythms (= day / night cycle) and thus for the sleep and waking. Darkness stimulates the release into the blood and brightness stop its synthesis. Normal melatonin cycles are strong light at night and during daytime duch interrupted too little light. Jet lag, shift work and poor visibility to interrupt this cycle, too. Even by low-frequency electromagnetic fields and in old age is changing the production of melatonin. The resulting sleep disorders are treated by administration of about 0.3 to 8 mg of melatonin, which normally eliminates these.

Melatonin and the women's cycle:

Melatonin affects the timing of Freisetung with the female hormones that control the menstrual cycle.
Melatonin and menopause

Melatonin supports the positive effects of sleep in women during menopause. Also used by postmenopausal women, melatonin to regulate sleep should do so only briefly, since long-term effects are not yet known.

Melatonin and specific eating disorders:

The melatonin levels may in anorexia (anorexia nervosa) play a role. Abnormally low melatonin values in people with anorexia can cause depression.

Melatonin and cancer:

Different studies have found that people there with certain cancers such as breast cancer, prostate cancer. Lung cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer species, a low melatonin mirror.

The administration of oral melatonin (10 to 50 mg daily) improves the effectiveness of other therapies.

Melatonin and cholesterol:

Some studies report on the cholesterol and LDL-lowering effect of melatonin.

Melatonin is a sleep hormone that regulates the so-called "internal clock" of man. It is involved in the aging process of the body. So far there is no scientific evidence that shows that melatonin as a drug can stop the biological aging process

Melatonin and pineal gland:

Today we know that the pineal gland is responsible for the production of a wide range of substances - Melatonin is just one of them.

Melatonin, chemically simple amino acid, is synthesized from the Zirbeldrüsenausscheidungen tryptophan, an amino acid, and serotonin, a "messenger" or neurotransmitters. Serotonin is not only one of the precursors for the production of melatonin, but also responsible for a variety of physical activities, such as sleep, smooth muscle contraction and blood platelet function. Overproduction of serotonin (and a lack of melatonin) is responsible for certain types of depression and mood disorders. Certain psychiatric medications, so-called "serotonin inhibitor to reduce" the level of serotonin and stimulate the production of melatonin.

Epithalamin the first time by scientists under the leadership of Vladimir Dilman on NN Petrov Research Institute of Oncology (study of the tumors and tumors) in St. Petersburg was isolated. Its function of melatonin seems to be very similar. It is believed that these two hormones work together synergistically, which means that they mutually reinforce their effects.

TRH (thyrotropin-stimulating hormone) controls the supply of energy to the body's cells. It supports the thyroid function, resulting in improved immune function. It is also used to treat depression.

Vasopressin is related to the control of the "margin and milk" to nursing mothers. Its distribution is, it seems, is triggered by the crying of the infant.

Prolactin stimulates milk production in the lactating mother. As a "bandeknüpfendes" hormone, it helps to calm the baby and to relax and encourage the mother to accept and defend the boys. Prolactin is administered to humans, it usually calls forth feelings of peace, tranquility, contentment and affection. While the mother distributes prolactin, it builds strong ties to their child and experiences the first feelings of maternal love.

The ZirbeldrüsenHormon melatonin serves a number of vital functions for our body. His natural production is significantly reduced between the fortieth and fiftieth year of age. This begins the aging process with all its arresting decay processes. The exact onset and course of this process differs from person to person and is of different situations, such as inheritance and investments, general constitution, habits, etc., dependent.

Is melatonin safe?

Melatonin can help to favorably influence this process. The scientist, Dr. Walter Pierpaoli and William Regelson, and many of their colleagues around the world are convinced, after long years of intensive research on the accuracy of their relevant findings and conclusions. If any of their attempts to have any negative side effects after administration of melatonin could be detected. A simple amino acid Melatonin is not toxic and even doses of 1000 milligrams per day are easily tolerated by subjects.

In the above, we have attempted to summarize the most important insights and experiences of the two scientists, Dr. Walter Pierpaoli and Dr. William Regelson, concise and understandable. We have here, as mentioned above, as closely as possible to the presentation by the authors in their book "Melatonin - the key to eternal youth, health and fitness" (the title of the American Originals "The Melatonin Miracle", Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995) held, but without claiming to want to have addressed all of its exhaustive detail and too easy for the layman to understand the aspects described on pineal gland and melatonin. This would not be our task and we would in any case your own reading of this book take the tension.

One was at this point, however, still clearly said: it is never too late Even if you have exceeded the 45 some time ago, can be obtained by the regular daily intake of melatonin to normalize Zirbeldrüsenfunktion again and the natural, endogenous melatonin production to a level bring corresponds to a much younger body. The logical explanation for the mechanism of this "rejuvenation" is apparent from the described aging processes:
With decreasing melatonin mirrors a growing shortage of energy produced at the cellular level;
This lack of energy also affects the pineal gland directly and promotes their calcification;
the shrinking and calcified pineal melatonin reduced their next production
.
A melatonin substitution should occur only after a clear indication.

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus (diencephalon = = Control of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system) have melatonin receptors, which is controlled by the day-night rhythm. (Weaver et al., 1993). Melatonin is metabolised in the liver and a 6-Sulphatoxy-melatonin in the urine. In many animals, it controls the variations in reproductive and nonreproductiven seasonale metabolism.

Melatonin as an antioxidant:

Melatonin modulates the interplay between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, such as effects of serotonin and the general reaction to stress.

Melatonin is a physiological antioxidant and reacts directly with hydroxyl radicals and peroxide. It is more effective than other antioxidants such as glutathione and vitamin E.

Furthermore, the production of many important enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase (all protected against cell damage by free radicals) are stimulated. Moreover, melatonin inhibits NO synthase (eg, NO regulates blood pressure, vasodilatation disabled) and activated Calmudolin (cellular calcium transport protein, the enzymes

Melatonin and the women's cycle

Melatonin affects the timing of Freisetung with the female hormones that control the menstrual cycle.
Melatonin supports the positive effects of sleep in women during menopause. Also used by postmenopausal women, melatonin to regulate sleep should do so only briefly, since long-term effects are not yet known.
Melatonin and specific eating disorders

Melatonin mirror:

The melatonin levels may in anorexia (anorexia nervosa) play a role. Abnormally low melatonin values in people with anorexia can cause depression.

Melatonin and cancer:

Different studies have found that people there with certain cancers such as breast cancer, prostate cancer. Lung cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer species, a low melatonin mirror. The administration of oral melatonin (10 to 50 mg daily) improves the effectiveness of other therapies.

Melatonin and cholesterol:

Some studies report on the cholesterol and LDL-lowering effect of melatonin.
Melatonin is a sleep hormone that regulates the so-called "internal clock" of man. It is involved in the aging process of the body. So far there is no scientific evidence that shows that melatonin as a drug can stop the biological aging process.

Melatonin and hair loss:

The results of a pilot study of the Friedrich-Schiller University in Jena, the first evidence that melatonin may favorably influence the external application, the hair growth in humans. On what is this hormonal effect remains unclear. It is believed that melatonin stimulates the beginning of the anagen phase in the hair growth cycle.
Compared with placebo, the dummy external use of melatonin resulted in a significant increase in detectable in anagen hairs Hinterhauptsbereich androgenetical of women with hair loss. In women with diffuse hair loss pattern, however, the increased number of anagen hairs in the frontal area significantly under the influence of melatonin.

The ZirbeldrüsenHormon melatonin serves a number of vital functions for our body. His natural production is significantly reduced between the fortieth and fiftieth year of age. This begins the aging process with all its arresting decay processes. The exact onset and course of this process differs from person to person and is of different situations, such as inheritance and investments, general constitution, habits, etc., dependent.

Melatonin is an immune modulator:

Melatonin - is an immune modulator that increases the survival of most cancer patients

Some cancer patients now taking melatonin, a neurohormone immunomodulatory activities, as part of a comprehensive, non-toxic cancer treatment. The cone-shaped pineal gland, a small but important gland in the brain that produces melatonin, a hormone that influences play sexual maturation, but also appears an important role in cancer therapy.

Melatonin supplement again seems circadian rhythms, which diminish or disappear with age. If melatonin's circadian rhythm is abolished, the aging process is accelerated, shortened lifespan, and an increase in spontaneous tumors occurs (Maestroni 1999). It has been shown that in the defense system is compromised due to disrupted rhythms, tumors grow two to three times faster (Filipski et al. 2002).

Melatonin protects and restore normal blood cell production due to the toxicity of conventional treatments, a profile shared with the FDA-approved drugs Neupogen, a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and Leukine, a granulocyte-macrophage colony - stimulating factor (GM-CSF). A combination of melatonin and low dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) neutralizing therapy-induced lymphopenia, a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation of cancer patients (Lissoni et al. 1993).

The researchers found the best way to supplement the anticancer activity of low dose IL-2 is not co-management with other cytokines, but cosupplementing with immunomodulatory neurohormone melatonin (Lissoni et al. 1994a). This is optimistic news for a subset of cancer patients, because melatonin has been shown to cause tumor regression in neoplasms nonresponsive to IL-2 (Maestroni 1999).

The Department of Radiation Oncology of the San Gerardo Hospital (Milan) developed the following protocol for 80 patients with advanced metastatic tumors (Lissoni et al. 1994a). The patients were randomized to receive 3 million IU IL-2, 6 days a week for 4 weeks or IL-2 mg plus 40 per day for melatonin. A complete response was achieved in 3 of 41 patients treated with IL-2 plus melatonin and in none of the patients, only IL-2. A partial response in 8 of 41 patients treated with IL-2 plus melatonin and in 1 of 39 patients treated with IL-2. Tumor regression rate was significantly higher in patients with IL-2 and melatonin compared to persons who, under IL-2 (11/41 vs 1 / 39).

The survival at 1 years was higher in patients with IL-2 and melatonin than in the IL-2 group (19/41 versus 6 / 39). Lymphocytic populations were significantly higher when accompanied by melatonin treatment and thrombocytopenia (a decrease in the number of circulating platelets) occurred less frequently.

Melatonin for patients with cancer:

For patients with cancer Bloodborne a IL-2/Melatonin combination is also promising. Twelve patients (nonresponsive to standard therapies) evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a combination of low dose IL-2 plus melatonin in advanced malignancies of the blood, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, acute myelogenous leukemia, multiple myeloma, chronic and myelomonocytic leukemia. IL-2 was 6 days per week for 4 weeks, mg) combined with oral melatonin (20 per day. Cancer has been stabilized and no progress in 8 of 12 (67%) participants for an average duration of 21 months. Another advantage of the accrued interest as Melatonin/IL-2 therapy was well tolerated (Lissoni et al. 2000).

Nonresectable brain metastases remain an untreatable disease. Due to the cytostatic action of melatonin's ability (to suppress the growth of cells) and its anticonvulsant activity, the pineal hormone might be effective in the treatment of brain metastases. In a study to test the theory, 50 patients with inoperable brain metastases received supportive care or supportive care plus 20 mg of melatonin nightly. Was freedom of brain tumor progression and survival rates at 1 year were higher in patients treated with melatonin compared to those who received only supportive care (Lissoni et al. 1994b, 1996). Even when melatonin was not in a position to the progression of advanced, metastatic disease, it improves the performance status of patients (see Table 2).

Low melatonin levels play an important role in the escalation of breast cancer. Because melatonin levels decrease, the secretion of estrogen increases. The night temperatures, production of melatonin inhibits the body's secretion of estrogen and reduces the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Conversely, exposure to light at night reduced melatonin production and increases cumulative lifetime estrogen levels, a sequence which may increase the risk of breast cancer.

Show, in fact, two recent studies show that women can work night shifts increased their risk of breast cancer up to 60%. Blind women have a significantly lower risk (36% less) of breast cancer than normal sighted women because of consistently higher melatonin (Kliukiene et al. 2001). Women are just as visually impaired people realize, no protective effects in relation to breast cancer.

Melatonin Research:

The University of Arizona has found that melatonin reduced the growth of östrogensensiven human breast cancer cells up to 78%.

Melatonin can help to favorably influence this process. The scientist, Dr. Walter Pierpaoli and William Regelson, and many of their colleagues around the world are convinced, after long years of intensive research on the accuracy of their relevant findings and conclusions. If any of their attempts to have any negative side effects after administration of melatonin could be detected. A simple amino acid Melatonin is not toxic and even doses of 1000 milligrams per day are easily tolerated by subjects.

In the above, we have attempted to summarize the most important insights and experiences of the two scientists, Dr. Walter Pierpaoli and Dr. William Regelson, concise and understandable. We have here, as mentioned above, as closely as possible to the presentation by the authors in their book "Melatonin - the key to eternal youth, health and fitness" (the title of the American Originals "The Melatonin Miracle", Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995) held, but without claiming to want to have addressed all of its exhaustive detail and too easy for the layman to understand the aspects described on pineal gland and melatonin. This would not be our task and we would in any case your own reading of this book take the tension.

One was at this point, however, still clearly said it is never too late! Even if you have exceeded the 45 some time ago, can be obtained by the regular daily intake of melatonin to normalize Zirbeldrüsenfunktion and bring the natural, endogenous melatonin production to a level which corresponds to a much younger body. The logical explanation for the mechanism of this "rejuvenation" is apparent from the described aging processes:
With decreasing melatonin mirrors a growing shortage of energy produced at the cellular level;
This lack of energy also affects the pineal gland directly and promotes their calcification;
the shrinking and calcified pineal gland, further reduced its production of melatonin. . .
.
If the body is now supplied from the outside that melatonin amount which he would need to secure energy supplies at the cellular level again, he will do so. Melatonin is readily absorbed in the digestive tract (gastrointestinal tract is found in the young body to increased melatonin concentration) and enters the bloodstream into body cells, and in the endocrine glands and also in the pineal gland itself, where it again fulfilled its original mission: namely, securing energy supplies. The production of harmful pyrophosphate is eliminated and replaced by high-energy ATP. The resulting energy allows the mitochondria to renew itself again and resume their original function again. Also, the pineal gland itself will have sufficient energy to perform their normal work and can increase their own production of melatonin

Of course, this process takes some time. But after a few months of melatonin einnahme They are in themselves significant and surprising changes can determine.

Melatonin is readily absorbed in the digestive tract (gastrointestinal tract is found in the young body to increased melatonin concentration) and enters the bloodstream into body cells, and in the endocrine glands and also in the pineal gland itself, where it again fulfilled its original mission: namely, securing energy supplies.

The production of harmful pyrophosphate is eliminated and replaced by high-energy ATP. The resulting energy allows the mitochondria to renew itself again and resume their original function again. Also, the pineal gland itself will have sufficient energy to perform their normal work and can increase their own production of melatonin.
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Melatonin Literature:

l. Domingo M, Role of melatonin in health and disease. Clin Endocrinol 1995, 42:221-234.
2. O'Brien IAD, Lewin IG, O'Hare JP, et al. Abnormal circadian rhythm of melatonin in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Clin Endocrinol 1986, 24:359-364.
3. Tetsuo M, Polinsky RJ, Markey S, Kopin IJ. Urinary 6-hydroxyMelatonin excretion in patients with orthostatic hypotension. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981, 53:607-610.
4. Li Y, Jiang DH, Wang ML, et al. Rhythms of serum melatonin in patients with spinal lesions at the cervical thoracic or lumbar region. Clin Endocrinol 1989, 30:47-56.
5. Kneisley LW, Moskowitz MA, Lynch HJ. Cervical spinal cords lesions disrupt the rhythm in human melatonin excretion. J Neural Transmission 1978:13 (Suppl) :311-323.
6. Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML, et al. Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75:127-134.
7. Folkard S, Arendt J, Aldhouse M, Kennett H. Melatonin stabilizes sleep onset time in a blind man without entrainment of cortisol or temperature rhythms.